Supervivencia de cirugía de rescate en carcinoma escamoso de orofaringe / Survival outcomes of salvage surgery in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

La recurrencia de carcinoma de células escamosas orofaríngeo (CCEOF) se asocia a mal pronóstico, particularmente en recurrencias en etapa avanzada. La cirugía en el contexto de rescate es más complicada por el tratamiento oncológico del tumor primario, por lo tanto, tiene un mayor riesgo de complicaciones y estadía hospitalaria. Sin embargo, la cirugía de rescate es la mejor oportunidad del paciente como tratamiento curativo y para supervivencia a largo plazo. La población de pacientes que reciben tratamiento para CCEOF ha cambiado en la última década, se ha reconocido que la incidencia de virus papiloma humano (VPH) asociado a CCEOF ha generado el gran aumento de CCEOF y el cambio asociado en las características de la población de pacientes, ahora los pacientes son más jóvenes y tienen menos comorbilidades. Con el aumento exponencial en la incidencia de CCEOF, la necesidad de cirugía de rescate en CCEOF podría verse en aumento. En vista del aumento de la incidencia de casos con carcinoma escamoso de orofaringe y su importante relación con el VPH, esta revisión se enfoca en la supervivencia tras cirugía de rescate con intención curativa y evaluar si con los avances en su tratamiento ha mejorado su pronóstico.

Recurrence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is associated with poor prognosis, particularly in advanced stage recurrences. Salvage surgery is complicated by previous oncological treatment of the primary tumor, therefore, it has a higher risk of complications and hospital stay. However, salvage surgery is the patient's best opportunity as a curative treatment and for long-term survival. The population of patients receiving treatment for OPSCC has changed in the last decade, it has been recognized that the incidence of human papilloma virus (HPV) associated OPSCC has generated an increase of OPSCC and changes in the epidemiology of the patient population, with younger patients and with less comorbidities. With the exponential increase in the incidence of OPSCC, the need for salvage surgery in OPSCC could increase in the future. In view of the increase in the incidence of cases with squamous oropharyngeal carcinoma and its relationship with HPV, this review focuses on survival after salvage surgery with curative intent and assessing whether the progress in its treatment has improved its prognosis.

Hipertrofia de cornetes inferiores: revisión sobre técnicas quirúrgicas actuales / Inferior turbinate hypertrophy: review of current surgical techniques

La obstrucción nasal es un motivo de consulta habitual en otorrinolaringología, siendo una de las causas más frecuentes la hipertrofia de cornete inferior, la que se puede manejar con cirugía cuando falla el tratamiento médico. En las últimas décadas se han desarrollado múltiples técnicas quirúrgicas y tecnología asociada, sin embargo, no hay un consenso establecido sobre cuál es la mejor opción para el manejo de esta patología. Se realizó revisión bibliográfica, se enuncian los métodos quirúrgicos disponibles, teniendo en cuenta beneficios, complicaciones probables y resultados de cada uno. La cirugía de cornete inferior tiene resultados favorables en pacientes con cornetes hipertróficos que no responden a manejo médico. Hasta la fecha la turbinoplastía con microdebridador ha mostrado superioridad en cuanto a resultados a largo plazo y menor tasa de complicaciones. La evidencia disponible hasta la fecha carece de homogeneidad en cuanto a métodos de selección de pacientes, medición de resultados y tiempo de seguimiento, por lo que se necesitan a futuro estudios prospectivos controlados para reevaluar los métodos descritos.

Nasal obstruction is a common complaint, one of the most frequent causes being inferior turbinate hypertrophy, which can be managed with surgery when medical treatment fails. In the last decades, multiple surgical techniques and associated technology have been developed, however, there is no established consensus on what is the best option for the management of this pathology. Literature review, the available surgical methods are stated, taking into account benefits, probable complications and results of each technique. The surgery of inferior turbinate has favorable results in patients with hypertrophic turbinates that do not respond to medical management. To date, microdebrider turbinoplasty has shown superiority in terms of long-term results and lower complication rates. The evidence available to date lacks homogeneity in terms of patient selection methods, measurement of results and follow-up time, so prospective controlled studies are needed in the future to reassess the described methods.

Pediatric airway reconstruction: results after implementation of an airway team in Brazil / Reconstrução de vias aéreas pediátricas: resultados após a implantação de uma equipe de vias aéreas no Brasil

Abstract Introduction Since development of pediatric intensive care units, children have increasingly and appropriately been treated for complex surgical conditions such as laryngotracheal stenosis. Building coordinated airway teams to achieve acceptable results is still a challenge. Objective To describe patient demographics and surgical outcomes during the first 8 years of a pediatric airway reconstruction team. Methods Retrospective chart review of children submitted to open airway reconstruction in a tertiary university healthcare facility during the first eight years of an airway team formation. Results In the past 8 years 43 children underwent 52 open airway reconstructions. The median age at surgery was 4.1 years of age. Over half of the children (55.8%) had at least one comorbidity and over 80% presented Grade III and Grade IV subglottic stenosis. Other airway anomalies occurred in 34.8% of the cases. Surgeries performed were: partial and extended cricotracheal resections in 50% and laryngotracheoplasty with anterior and/or posterior grafts in 50%. Postoperative dilatation was needed in 34.15% of the patients. Total decannulation rate in this population during the 8-year period was 86% with 72% being decannulated after the first procedure. Average follow-up was 13.6 months. Initial grade of stenosis was predictive of success for the first surgery (p = 0.0085), 7 children were submitted to salvage surgeries. Children with comorbidities had 2.5 greater odds (95% CI 1.2-4.9, p = 0.0067) of unsuccessful surgery. Age at first surgery and presence of other airway anomalies were not significantly associated with success. Conclusions The overall success rate was 86%. Failures were associated with higher grades of stenosis and presence of comorbidities, but not with patient age or concomitant airway anomalies.

Resumo Introdução: Com o desenvolvimento de unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica, o tratamento de crianças para situações cirúrgicas complexas, como a estenose laringotraqueal, tem sido cada vez mais adequado. Montar equipes coordenadas de via aérea para alcançar resultados aceitáveis ainda é um desafio. Objetivo: Descrever os dados demográficos e os resultados cirúrgicos dos pacientes durante os primeiros oito anos de uma equipe de reconstrução de via aérea pediátrica. Método: Revisão retrospectiva de prontuários de crianças submetidas à reconstrução aberta de via aérea em uma unidade de saúde universitária de nível terciário durante os primeiros oito anos de desenvolvimento de uma equipe de vias aéreas. Resultados: Nos últimos 8 anos, 43 crianças foram submetidas a 52 reconstruções abertas de vias aéreas. A mediana de idade na cirurgia foi de 4,1 anos. Mais da metade das crianças (55,8%) apresentavam pelo menos uma comorbidade e mais de 80% apresentavam estenose subglótica Grau III e Grau IV. Outras anomalias das vias aéreas ocorreram em 34,8% dos casos. As cirurgias feitas foram: ressecções cricotraqueais parciais e estendidas em 50% e laringotraqueoplastia com enxertos anterior e/ou posterior em 50%. A dilatação pós-operatória foi necessária em 34,15% dos pacientes. A taxa de decanulação total nesta população durante o período de 8 anos foi de 86%, com 72% dos pacientes decanulados após o primeiro procedimento. O seguimento médio foi de 13,6 meses. O grau inicial de estenose foi preditivo de sucesso para a primeira cirurgia (p = 0,0085), 7 crianças foram submetidas a cirurgias de resgate. Crianças com comorbidades apresentaram uma probabilidade 2,5 vezes maior (IC95% 1,2-4,9, p = 0,0067) de cirurgias sem sucesso. A idade na primeira cirurgia e a presença de outras anomalias das vias aéreas não foram significantemente associadas ao sucesso. Conclusões: A taxa global de sucesso foi de 86%. As falhas foram associadas a graus maiores de estenose e a presença de comorbidades, mas não com a idade do paciente ou anomalias concomitantes das vias aéreas.

Lateral-Expansion Pharyngoplasty: Combined Technique for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Abstract Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a multifactorial disease characterized by episodes of partial or complete collapse during sleep of different regions of the upper airway. Surgery for OSAS evolved with the introduction of different techniques, considering new surgical concept of reconstruction of the upper airway. Objective To retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness of a new approach aimed at reducing pharyngeal collapse by combining two surgical techniques: lateral and expansion pharyngoplasty. Methods We reviewed the medical records of 38 patients with OSAS undergoing lateral/expansion pharyngoplasty from January 2012 to December 2016. The following data were collected: patient age, gender, and pre- and postoperative body mass index (BMI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) scores, snoring visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, and polysomnography (PSG) results. Results The PSG results showed a significant reduction in the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) from 22.4 ± 27.3 events/h preoperatively to 13.6 ± 17.9 events/h postoperatively (p = 0.009), with postoperative AHI reduction greater than 50% in 63.2% of the patients. There was also a significant reduction in the microarousal index (19.5 ± 22.6 vs 11.0 ± 13.4 events/h; p = 0.001) and in the minimum oxygen saturation (82.6 ± 10.3 vs 86.9 ± 11.1; p = 0.007). Conclusions Lateral-expansion pharyngoplasty represents a new surgical strategy for the treatment of OSAS in patients with palatal collapse by combining two different techniques: lateral and expansion pharyngoplasty. The two techniques, performed as a one-stage procedure, led to improvements in excessive daytime sleepiness, snoring, and PSG respiratory parameters by acting on lateral and retropalatal collapse, produc- ing favorable results with good applicability in otolaryngology clinical practice.

Cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal en pediatría: experiencia Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile / Pediatric endoscopic sinus surgery: experience in Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile

RESUMEN Introducción: La cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal (CENS) es una técnica ampliamente usada actualmente en otorrinolaringología. Se deben considerar las diferencias en la población pediátrica en comparación a los adultos. Objetivo: Describir y analizar las características clínicas, epidemiológicas, y resultados del tratamiento con CENS en pediatría. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, incluyendo los pacientes pediátricos con patología otorrinolaringológica que haya requerido CENS entre los años 2012 y 2017. Se analizaron variables epidemiológicas, clínicas, complicaciones quirúrgicas y recurrencia. Resultados: La serie está constituida por 19 pacientes, con una edad promedio de intervención de 10 años; 9 hombres y 10 mujeres. El diagnóstico fue en su mayoría pólipo antrocoanal (PAC) (52%), seguida de rinosinusitis crónica (27%). En el periodo de seguimiento, se observó recurrencia en 4 pacientes, los cuales tenían diagnóstico de PAC y atresia de coanas, en un periodo promedio de seguimiento de 36 meses. No hubo complicaciones quirúrgicas. Conclusión: El estudio de los pacientes pediátricos, mediante anamnesis, examen físico e imágenes, es fundamental para definir la indicación de CENS en pediatría. En aquellos casos adecuadamente seleccionados, la CENS es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is a technique widely used in otorhinolaryngology. The differences in pediatric population should be considered, compared to adults. Aim: To describe and analyze the clinical characteristics, epidemiology and surgical results of ESS in pediatric population. Material and method: Retrospective and descriptive study of all pediatric patients who underwent ESS for the treatment of any otorhinolaryngological pathology, between 2012 and 2017. Variables analyzed include demographics, signs and symptoms, surgical complications and recurrence rate. Results: The series includes 19 patients, with a mean age of 10 years at the moment of surgery; 10 men and 9 women. Antrochoanal polyp (AP) was the main diagnosis, followed by chronic rhinosinusitis. On follow-up, 4 patients presented with a recurrence at a mean period of 36 months. No surgical complications were observed. Conclusion: The study of pediatric patients includes anamnesis, physical examination and images in order to define the indication of SES. In those cases, properly selected, CENS results a safe and effective procedure.

The Role of Modified Expansion Sphincter Pharyngoplasty in Multilevel Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Surgery

Abstract Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a sleep disorder caused by an excessive narrowing of the pharyngeal airway that also collapses during inspiration, with an important role played by the lateral pharyngeal wall in the development of the obstruction. Objective To describe our surgical experience with modified expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty (MESP) in the management of lateral collapse in upper airway multilevel surgery. Methods A total of 20 patients with moderate to severe OSAS were recruited in the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Department of the University of Palermo, Italy. All of the enrolled patients refused the ventilatory therapy. The subjects were evaluated for snoring, and daytime sleepiness had a clinical evaluation including collection of anthropometric data and ENT examination and rhinofibroscopy with Müller maneuver. The patients undergoing upper airway multilevel surgery and we selected for MESP the patients with an oropharyngeal transverse pattern of collapse at Müller maneuver. Results In the postoperative assessment, all of the patients reported a reduction in snoring scores and daytime sleepiness. We observed a reduction in the mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 57.5% of the sample, which decreased from a mean value of 41.7 ( ± 21.5) to 17.4 ( ± 8.9) (p< 0.05), with a success rate, according to the Sher criteria, of 65%. We observed very few postoperative complications. Conclusion Modified expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty in multilevel surgical therapy preceded by a careful selection of patients has proven to be effective in treating patients with moderate to severe syndromes.

Digital design of functional surgery for odontogenic cyst intruding into maxillary sinus / Desenho digital de cirurgia funcional para cisto odontogênico intrusivo em seio maxilar

Abstract Introduction Traditional Caldwell-Luc approach needs modifications for odontogenic cysts intruding into the maxillary sinus, to preserve sinus mucosa and bony contour. Recently, digital technology has been widely applied to the field of maxillofacial surgery, guiding the surgical plan and improving its accuracy. Objective This study attempted to present and evaluate the functional surgery of odontogenic cysts intruding into the maxillary sinus using a computer-assisted pre-surgical design. Methods Consecutive patients with odontogenic cysts intruding into the posterior part of the maxillary sinus were enrolled. Method I "Bony wall reimplantation method" was performed for large lesions exceeding the zygomatic alveolar crest but without apparent bone destruction of the anterior wall of the sinus, while Method II "bone removal method" was more convenient for small lesions near to the zygomatic alveolar crest. The gap was filled with a pedicled buccal fat pad after lesion removal and all cases were without inferior meatal antrostomy. Results A total of 45 cases were included in the study. 22 were operated using method I while 23 were operated with method II. Operations were completed in 20 min. Pain disappeared in 3.62 days on average, and swelling 6.47 days. Nasal bleeding occurred in 8 patients lasting 1-3 days. Suppurative inflammation was observed in 1 patient, and infection occurred after bone reposition. Other repositioned free bony wall was without resorption in CT images. Conclusions Sinus mucosa and bony wall should be conserved. Preoperative digital design can guide osteotomy effectively during the surgery. Bone reposition is not suitable for suppurative inflammation. The pedicled buccal fat pad is enough for drainage and inferior meatal antrostomy is not necessary.

Resumo Introdução A abordagem tradicional de Caldwell-Luc precisa de modificações para os cistos odontogênicos que se introduzem no seio maxilar, para preservar a mucosa sinusal e o contorno ósseo. Recentemente, a tecnologia digital tem sido amplamente aplicada ao campo da cirurgia maxilofacial, orienta o plano cirúrgico e melhora sua precisão. Objetivo Esse estudo teve como objetivo apresentar e avaliar a cirurgia funcional de cistos odontogênicos intrusivos no seio maxilar utilizando um desenho pré-cirúrgico assistido por computador. Método Foram recrutados pacientes consecutivos com cistos odontogênicos intrusivos na parte posterior do seio maxilar. O método I, "método de reimplante de parede óssea", foi feito em lesões grandes que excediam a crista zigomático-alveolar, mas sem destruição óssea aparente da parede anterior do seio, enquanto o método II, "método de remoção óssea", foi mais conveniente para pequenas lesões próximas à crista zigomático-alveolar. O espaço foi preenchido com um retalho pediculado do corpo adiposo bucal após a remoção da lesão e todos os casos foram feitos sem antrostomia meatal inferior. Resultados Um total de 45 casos foram incluídos no estudo. Vinte e dois foram submetidos à cirurgia utilizando-se o método I, enquanto que 23 foram submetidos ao método II. As operações foram concluídas em 20 minutos. A dor desapareceu em média após 3,62 dias, e o edema, depois de 6,47 dias. Hemorragia nasal ocorreu em 8 pacientes com duração de 1 a 3 dias. Processo supurativa foi observado em 1 paciente ocorrendo após a reposição óssea. Outros retalhos reposicionados livres da parede óssea não mostraram reabsorção em imagens de TC. Conclusões A mucosa sinusal e a parede óssea devem ser preservadas; o desenho digital pré-operatório pode orientar a osteotomia de forma eficaz durante a cirurgia; a reposição óssea não é adequada em processos supurativos. O retalho pediculado de corpo adiposo bucal é suficiente para a drenagem e antrostomia meatal inferior não é necessária.

Giant fronto-ethmoidal osteoma - selection of an optimal surgical procedure / Osteoma fronto-etmoidal gigante - escolha do procedimento cirúrgico ideal

Abstract Introduction Osteomas of the paranasal sinuses are benign bone tumours that produce clinical signs depending on their size and location. In most reported cases large tumours are excised by an external approach or in conjunction with an endoscopic technique. Endoscopic treatment of such tumours is a huge challenge for the operator. Objective Determine the optimal surgical approach by analysing giant osteomas of the frontal and ethmoidal sinuses in the literature. Methods Group of 37 osteomas obtained from the literature review. A group of osteomas removed only by endoscopy was compared with a group in which an external approach (lateral rhynotomy or craniotomy) or combined external and endoscopic approach was applied. Results The authors, based on the statistical analysis of the literature data, have found that the average size of osteomas excised endoscopically and those removed by external approaches does not differ statistically, when the osteomas are located in the ethmoidal cells (p = 0.2691) and the frontal sinuses (p = 0.5891). Conclusion The choice of surgical method appears to be independent of the osteoma size and the decision is likely to be taken based on the experience of the surgeon, available equipment and knowledge of different surgical techniques.

Resumo Introdução Osteomas dos seios paranasais são tumores ósseos benignos cujas manifestações clínicas ocorrem em função de seu tamanho e localização. Na maioria dos casos relatados os tumores grandes são excisados por uma abordagem externa ou associada a uma técnica endoscópica. O tratamento endoscópico destes tumores ainda é um grande desafio para o cirurgião. Objetivo Determinar a abordagem cirúrgica ideal ao analisar osteomas gigantes dos seios frontal e etmoidal na literatura. Método Um total de 38 osteomas foram avaliados a partir da revisão da literatura. Um grupo de osteomas removidos apenas por cirurgia endoscópica foi comparado com um grupo para o qual foi utilizado uma abordagem externa (rinotomia lateral ou craniotomia) ou uma abordagem combinada, externa e endoscópica. Resultados Os autores, com base na análise estatística dos dados da literatura, observaram que o tamanho médio dos osteomas excisados endoscopicamente e daqueles que foram removidos através de uma abordagem externa não diferiram estatisticamente, tanto para osteomas localizados no seio etmoidal (p = 0.2691) quanto para os localizados no seio frontal (p = 0.5891). Conclusão A escolha do método cirúrgico parece ser independente do tamanho do osteoma e a decisão provavelmente será tomada com base na experiência prévia do cirurgião, nos equipamentos disponíveis e conhecimento de diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas.

Caracterización epidemiológica, clínica e histopatológica de la amigdalectmía, Hospital Escuela Universitario, Honduras / Tonsillectomy: epidemiological, clinical and histopathological characterization, Hospital Escuela Universitario, Honduras

Se define amigdalectomía a la disección de la amígdala palatina, unilateral o bilateral. La amigdalectomía es la cirugía más frecuente realizada en otorrinolaringología, en el año 2006, en Estados Unidos de América se realizaron 737 000 procedimientos. Objetivo: identificar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, e histopatológicas de niños y adultos sometidos a amigdalectomía, para la detección precoz y manejo oportuno de patologías malignas. Material y Métodos: estudio no experimental, descriptivo transversal, realizado en salas quirúrgicas del Bloque Materno Infantil y Otorrinolaringología del Bloque Médico Quirúrgico del Hospital Escuela Universitario, del periodo junio 2016 a marzo 2017; el universo fue igual a la muestra 100 pacientes, mayores de 3 años, sometidos a amigdalectomía. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron la observación y la entrevista; se recolectó la información a través de un instrumento estructurado con preguntas abiertas y cerradas. Los resultados fueron procesados en el programa estadístico EPI-INFO 7.0, aplicando frecuencias, porcentajes y medidas de tendencia central. El estudio se realizó previa aprobación del Comité de Ética. Resultados: en 100 pacientes, la edad media fue de 13 años; el mayor factor de riesgo relacionado a malignidad identificado, correspondió a la halitosis 84%, la manifestación clínica frecuente fue la roncopatía 100%, el diagnóstico histopatológico frecuente de las biopsias obtenidas fue la hiperplasia folicular 99%, se encontró un caso de linfoma, neoplasia maligna 1%. Conclusiones: La incidencia de malignidad fue baja, el análisis histopatológico obtenido de muestras de pacientes amigdalectomizados, es necesario para la detección oportuna y manejo precoz de patologías malignas, se recomienda realizar el estudio histopatológico.

Tiroplastía de medialización con Gore-Tex®: experiencia de 8 años en Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile / Medialization thyroplasty with Gore-Tex®: 8 years experience in Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile

Introducción: La parálisis de cuerda vocal causa disfonía y puede ser complicación posterior a ciertas cirugías. Existen diversos tratamientos, uno de ellos es la tiroplastía de medialización, procedimiento realizado con anestesia local, permitiendo un fino ajuste de la voz. Objetivo: Analizar la experiencia en tiroplastía de medialización con Gore-tex® en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile entre los años 2008-2016. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, con revisión de fichas clínicas de los pacientes que fueron sometidos a tiroplastía de medialización. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizará la prueba Wilcoxon. Resultados: Se analizaron datos de 21 pacientes, correspondientes a 24 tiroplastías de medialización. La edad promedio fue 54,2 años, 13 parálisis fueron secundarias a cirugía y 8 idiopáticas. En 17 pacientes se obtuvo la encuesta VHI-10 en el pre y posoperatorio, con valores promedio de 33,2y 17,4 (p =0,0003). Cinco pacientes requirieron de algún procedimiento complementario, entre 4 y 22 meses poscirugía: inyección de grasa, de Radiesse y refuerzo con otra prótesis de Gore-teX®. Conclusión: La tiroplastía de medialización es excelente para tratar la parálisis de cuerda vocal unilateral no recuperada en forma espontánea, siendo la encuesta VHI-10 una buena herramienta para evaluar la calidad de la voz.

Introduction: Vocal cord paralysis can cause hoarseness and coud be a complications to following certain surgeries. In its treatment, there are several alternatives, one of them is the medialization thyroplasty. This procedure, is performed under local anesthesia, allowing the fine-tune of the voice. Aim: To analyze the experience in Medialization Thyroplasty with Gore-tex in the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile between 2008 and 2016. Material and method: Retrospective and descriptive, with the review of patient's clinical records who were treated with medialization thyroplasty. The data analysis is done using Wilcoxon test. Results: Data from 21 patients, corresponding to 24 medialization thyroplasty. The average age was 54.2 years old, 13 paralysis were secondary to surgeries and 8 were Idiopathic. In 17 patients it was posible to get the VHI-10 survey in the pre and postoperative, with an average value of 33.2 and 17.4 (p =0.0003). Five patients required some additional procedure, between 4 and 22 months post surgery: injection of fat, Radiesse and installation of a new Gore-tex prosthesis Conclusions: Medialization thyroplasty is an excellent method to treat paralysis of unilateral vocal cord in cases when is not recovered spontaneously, being the VHI-10 survey a good tool for assessing voice quality.

Resección transoral-transnasal de tumores del espacio parafaríngeo / Transoral-transnasal approach to parapharyngeal space tumors

Objetivos: Determinar la tasa de resección quirúrgica completa en tumores seleccionados del Espacio parafaríngeo tratados por vía transoral o transnasal o por ambas. Diseño: descriptivo, retrospectivo. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron en este estudio los pacientes que tuvieron neoplasias localizadas en el espacio parafaríngeo y que fueron tratados con cirugía por vía transoral o transnasal. El abordaje transoral consistió en realizar una incisión con cauterio en la zona de mayor protrusión del tumor (pilar amigdalino y paladar), disección de la mucosa y del tumor de los planos profundos, traccionándolo hacia la cavidad oral. Para disecar el límite superior (rinofaringe) y lateral se utilizaron endoscopios que fueron introducidos por la incisión y por la cavidad nasal. El abordaje transnasal consistió en realizar una incisión en la pared lateral de la rinofaringe y disecar el tumor del plano profundo traccionándolo hacia el cavum. Resultados: Fueron tratados 3 pacientes por vía transoral y uno por vía endonasal por padecer tumores del espacio parafaríngeo. Tres tumores se originaron en glándulas salivales menores localizadas una en el espacio. Preestiloideo (1/3), otra en el espacio masticador (1/3) y otra en el sector superior del espacio preestiloideo (1/3). La histología dio como resultado dos adenoma pleomorfo y un carcinoma mucoepidermoide de bajo grado (1/3). (Está bien así? Qué es 1/3?). Una neoplasia se originó en el lóbulo profundo de la parótida y se extendió al espacio preestiloideo, su histología fue carcinoma mucoepidermoide de grado moderado. Conclusiones: La tasa de resección completa en pacientes con tumores del espacio parafaríngeo seleccionados tratados por vía transoral y endonasal fue del 100%. (AU)

Objectives: To determine the rate of complete surgical resection in parapharyngeal space selected tumors treated with transoral and / or transnasal approach. Design: Descriptive, retrospective. Materials and methods: Patients who had tumors localized in parapharyngealspace and who were treated with transoral or transnasal surgery. were included in this study. The transoral approach consisted in performing an incision with cautery in the area of greates tumor protrusion (tonsillar pillar and palate), dissection of the mucosa and tumor of the deep planes, pulling it into the oral cavity. To dissect the upper limit (nasopharynx) and lateral we used endoscopes that were inserted by the incision and the nasal cavity. The transnasal approach consisted in making an incision in the side wall of the nasopharynx and dissect the tumor of the deep plane pulling it towards the cavum. Results: Three patients were treated with transoral and one byendonasalapproacheswho had parapharyngeal space tumors. Three tumors originated in minor salivary glands located in prestyloidspace (1/3), masticator space (1/3) and upper sector of pree-styloid space (1/3). Histology was in two pleomorphic adenoma, and another onelow degree mucoepidermoid carcinoma (1/3). A neoplasm was originated in the deep lobe of the parotid gland and was extended to the prestyloid space, was a moderate degree of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Conclusions: Complete resection rate in patients with selected parapharyngeal space tumors, treated by transorally and endonasal approach was 100%. (AU)

Transeptal suturing - a cost-efficient alternative for nasal packing in septal surgery / Sutura transeptal - uma alternativa custo-benefício para tamponamento nasal em cirurgia do septo

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Nasal packing is routinely used in septal surgery to prevent postoperative bleeding. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the possibility of transeptal suture as a safe and effective way to avoid nasal packing and to improve efficiency. METHODS: This is a prospective, descriptive, inferential cost study comprising 92 patients. Two randomized groups of patients were analyzed, one with nasal packing and the other with transeptal suture. RESULTS: In the group of transeptal suture no patient experienced postoperative bleeding, and a statistically significant reduction of pain and headache was demonstrated. At the same time, we improved efficiency by saving on material costs. CONCLUSIONS: Transeptal suture is an effective and safe alternative to classic nasal packing in septal surgery. Moreover, it improves the efficiency of the intervention by saving costs.

Resumo Introdução: O tamponamento nasal é usado rotineiramente na cirurgia septal para evitar sangramentos no pós-operatório. Objetivo: Demonstrar a possibilidade de se realizar uma sutura transeptal como alternativa eficaz e segura ao tamponamento nasal, com melhora na eficiência da intervenção. Método: Este é um estudo prospectivo, descritivo e de custo inferencial, compreendendo 92 pacientes. Dois grupos aleatórios foram estudados: um com tamponamento nasal e o outro com sutura transeptal. Resultado: No grupo de sutura transeptal, nenhum paciente experimentou sangramento no pós-operatório, tendo sido estatisticamente demonstrada uma significante redução de cefaléia e dor. Ao mesmo tempo, houve melhora na eficiência da intervenção, com economia no custo de material. Conclusões: A sutura transeptal é uma alternativa eficaz e segura ao tamponamento nasal clássico. Além do mais, melhora a eficiência da intervenção, economizando no custo de material.

Tratamiento de la inmovilidad cordal bilateral / Bilateral vocal fold immobility treatment

La inmovilidad bilateral de las cuerdas vocales en aducción puede ser provocada por diversas etiologías y pone en riesgo la vida de los pacientes por la disnea grave que puede ocasionar. Existen diversas técnicas quirúrgicas para aumentar el espacio glótico, entre las que prevalecen las cirugías transorales que resecan tejido. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la tasa de resolución de la disnea inspiratoria o decanulación, en pacientes con inmovilidad cordal bilateral en aducción, tratados mediante cordotomía posterior y aritenoidectomía parcial. Fueron tratados en este estudio 17 enfermos por inmovilidad bilateral de las cuerdas vocales en aducción, mediante cordotomía posterior y aritenoidectomía parcial medial por vía transoral con láser de CO2 , cauterio y radiofrecuencia. Ocho pacientes tuvieron traqueostomía. El 75% fueron decanulados. El 100% de los pacientes sin traqueostomía mejoraron la disnea inspiratoria y no tuvieron limitación para las actividades de su vida cotidiana. Como conclusión del trabajo, se determinó que la cordotomía posterior y la aritenoidectomía parcial por vía transoral fueron muy eficaces para mejorar el calibre de la vía aérea superior, con baja morbilidad y sin complicaciones. (AU)

Bilateral medial vocal fold immobility, can be caused by various etiologies and can lead to severe dyspnea that may risk patients life. There are several surgical techniques for increasing the glottic space, prevailing transoral surgeries that remove tissue. The objective of this study is to determine the rate of resolution of inspiratory dyspnea and decanulation in patients with bilateral vocal cord immobility in adduction. In this study 17 patients diagnosed with bilateral vocal fold immobility in adduction were treated with posterior cordotomy and partial medial arytenoidectomy with transoral approach, using CO2 laser, radiofrequency or electrocautery. Eight of our patients were tracheostomized. Six of the tracheostomized patients had their tracheostomies removed (6 out of 8, 75%). Nine without tracheostomy showed improvement of inspiratory dyspnea and had no limitation on their daily lives activities. (9 out of 9, 100%). As a conclussion, we can say that transoral cordotomy and partial arytenoidectomy were very effective in improving the caliber of the upper airway, with low morbidity and no complications. (AU)

Nasoendoscopic findings after primary palatal surgery: can the Furlow technique result in a smaller velopharyngeal gap? / Achados nasoendoscópicos após a cirurgia primária de palato: a técnica de Furlow pode resultar em menor gap velofaríngeo?

PURPOSE: To compare the nasoendoscopic findings related to the velopharyngeal gap among patients with cleft palate who underwent the Furlow (F) technique and those who underwent the von Langenbeck (vL) technique for primary palatal surgery, who remained with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI).METHODS: The analyzed data were retrieved from the institution's data of recordings of nasoendoscopic exams. The sample comprised 70 recorded nasoendoscopic exams obtained from 22 patients who underwent the F technique and from 48 who underwent the vL technique during primary palatoplasty, who remained with VPI after surgery and were submitted to nasoendoscopy, between the ages of 5 and 15 years (mean age: 8 years), for definition of the best treatment for VPI. The images were edited into a DVD in a randomized sequence to be assessed by three experienced speech language pathologists regarding displacement and excursion of the soft palate; displacement and excursion of lateral pharyngeal's walls; displacement and excursion of the posterior pharyngeal's wall; and presence of the Passavant ridge and size and type of velopharyngeal gap.RESULTS: The results of the comparison of measurements between F and vL groups were not statistically significant.CONCLUSION: The surgical technique used in primary palatoplasty was not relevant to determine the difference in the size of the velopharyngeal gap for patients who maintained VPI.

OBJETIVO: Comparar os achados nasoendoscópicos relacionados ao gapvelofaríngeo entre pacientes com fissura labiopalatina operados do palato pela técnica de Furlow (F) e aqueles operados pela de Von Langenbeck (vL) que permaneceram com insuficiência velofaríngea (IVF).MÉTODOS: Os dados analisados foram coletados do banco de gravações de exames de nasoendoscopia da instituição. A amostra foi constituída por 70 gravações de nasoendoscopia obtidas de 22 pacientes operados do palato pela técnica de F e de 48 pela de vL, que permaneceram com IVF e que foram submetidos à nasoendoscopia para definição de conduta para correção da IVF, entre as idades de 5e 15 anos (média: 8 anos). As imagens foram editadas em sequência aleatória em um DVD e julgadas por três fonoaudiólogas experientes quanto ao movimento e deslocamento do véu palatino; ao movimento e descolamento das paredes laterais da faringe; ao movimento e deslocamento da parede posterior da faringe; à ocorrência da prega de Passavant e ao tamanho e tipo do gapvelofaríngeo.RESULTADOS: Os resultados quanto à comparação das medidas entre as técnicas cirúrgicas (F versusvL) não foram estatisticamente significantes.CONCLUSÃO: A técnica cirúrgica utilizada na palatoplastia primária não foi relevante para determinar diferença no tamanho do gapvelofaríngeo para os pacientes que permaneceram com IVF.

Cirugía transoral robótica en otorrinolaringología / Transoral robotic surgery in otolaryngology

La cirugía robótica constituye uno de los avances más novedosos de la medicina de las últimas décadas y el que ha sido más beneficioso para los pacientes. Su aporte fue fundamental para diferentes procedimientos quirúrgicos, al agilizar la cirugía y aumentar su precisión. Actualmente, su utilización en las diferentes especialidades médicas, como la cirugía de cabeza y cuello, permite realizar abordajes mínimamente invasivos, evitando las grandes incisiones externas y reduciendo de esta manera la morbilidad y el tiempo de internación. (AU)

Robotic surgery is one of the advances of medicine in recent decade that has been more novel and beneficial to patients. Its contribution was very important to different surgical procedures, decreasing surgical time and increasing its accuracy. Currently, its use in different medical specialties, such as head and neck surgery, allows minimally invasive approaches, avoiding large external incisions, thereby reducing morbidity and length of stay. (AU)

Resección del tabique intersinusal frontal para el manejo de sinusitis frontal crónica unilateral / Frontal Intersinus Septum Takedown (FISST) as management of chronic unilateral frontal sinusitis

La sinusitis frontal crónica es un problema complejo, de difícil manejo quirúrgico debido a la anatomía del seno frontal y el alto índice de recidiva posquirúrgica. La resección del tabique intersinusal ha sido descrita escasamente en la literatura, pero es una técnica sencilla que aprovecha el drenaje del seno contralateral sano, evitando intervenir directamente el ostium comprometido, en especial en casos de estenosis u obliteración que probablemente se reproducirán después de permeabilizarlos mediante otras técnicas. En este artículo describimos un caso clínico, la técnica quirúrgica utilizada y sus resultados en una paciente con múltiples cirugías de senos paranasales previas, tanto por vía endoscópica como abiertas, con buen resultado posoperatorio. Además realizamos una revisión de la literatura pertinente.

Chronic frontal sinusitis is a complex issue and its surgical management is difficult due to the anatomy of the frontal sinus and the high rate of recurrence after surgery. Resection of the intersinus septum has been scarcely described in the literature, but is a simple technique that takes advantage of the drainage of the healthy contralateral sinus, avoiding the direct intervention of the compromised ostium, especially in cases of stenosis or obliteration that would probably reproduce after permeabilization by other techniques. In this article we present a case report, the surgical technique that was chosen and the results in a patient with multiple previous sinus surgeries, both open and endoscopic, with a good postoperative outcome. Also, we provide a review of the relevant literature.

Endoscopic sinus surgery in individuals with facial pain due to chronic maxillary sinusitis ? a functional controlled study / Cirurgia endoscópica de seio da face em indivíduos com dor facial devida a sinusite maxilar crônica ? um estudo funcional controlado

Objective: To measure the intra-sinus pressure and the maxillary sinus functional efficiency (MSFE) in individuals with chronic facial pain after conservative or conventional endoscopic maxillary surgery, as well as in controls. Method: Sinus manometry was performed 5 times during inhalation. Results: The resemblance of pressure values comparing those treated with minimally invasive surgery and controls was remarkable, while traditional surgery significantly decreased intrasinusal pressures. The MSFE was 100% in the three tested times for controls, close to that in those submitted to minimally invasive surgery (98.3%, 98.8%, and 98.0%) and significantly impaired after conventional surgery (48.8%, 52.1%, 48.5 %, p<0.01). All patients submitted to minimally invasive surgery remained pain-free after three months of surgery, relative to 46.7% of the submitted to conventional surgery (p<0.05). Conclusion: Minimally invasive sinus surgery is associated with functionality of the chambers that resemble what is found in normal individuals. .

Objetivo: Medir a pressão intrasinusal e a eficiência funcional do seio maxilar (EFSM) em indivíduos com dor facial crônica após cirurgia endoscópica maxilar conservadora ou convencional em comparação a pessoas normais. Método: A manometria do seio foi feita 5 vezes durante a inalação. Resultados: A semelhança entre os valores das pressões comparando aqueles tratados com cirurgia minimamente invasiva e os controles foi notável, enquanto que na cirurgia tradicional houve diminuição significativa das pressões intrasinusais. A EFSM foi 100% nas três vezes testadas nos controles, de modo muito semelhante ao que foi observado naqueles submetidos a cirurgia minimamente invasiva (98,3%, 98,8%, e 98,0%) e significativamente diminuída naqueles submetidos a cirurgia convencional (48,8%, 52,1%, 48,5 %, p<0,01). Todos os pacientes submetidos a cirurgia minimamente invasiva mantiveram-se sem dor três meses depois da cirurgia, comparados a 46,7% naqueles submetidos a cirurgia convencional (p<0,05). Conclusão: Cirurgia minimamente invasiva está associada a funcionalidade das câmaras sinusais que se assemelha ao que é observado em indivíduos normais. .